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id1-->id3(( )); + id1-->id4(( )); + id2-->id5(( )); + id2-->id6(( )); + id3-->id7(( )); + id3-->id8(( )); + id4-->id9(( )); + id4-->id10(( )); + style id10 fill:#fff,stroke:#fff +``` +:::: + +:::: column + +* Les flèche de gauche à droite, parent -> enfants. +* Les flèche de droite à gauche, enfants -> parent. + + + +:::: + +::: + +**Propriétés:** + +1. les feuilles sont toutes sur l'avant dernier ou dernier niveau. +2. les feuilles de profondeur maximale sont "tassée" à gauche. + +# Le tas (ou heap) + +## Définition + +* Un arbre est un tas, si la valeur de chacun de ses descendants est inférieure + ou égale à sa propre valeur. + +## Exemples (ou pas) + +``` +16 8 14 6 2 10 12 4 5 # Tas +16 14 8 6 2 10 12 4 5 # Non-tas, 10 > 8 et 12 > 8 +``` + +## Exercices (ou pas) + +``` +19 18 12 12 17 1 13 4 5 # Tas ou pas tas? +19 18 16 12 17 1 12 4 5 # Tas ou pas tas? +``` + +. . . + +``` +19 18 12 12 17 1 13 4 5 # Pas tas! 13 > 12 +19 18 16 12 17 1 12 4 5 # Tas! +``` + +# Exemple de tri par tas (1/N) + +``` + | 1 | 16 | 5 | 12 | 4 | 2 | 8 | 10 | 6 | 7 | +``` + +::: columns + +:::: column + +* Quel est l'arbre que cela représente? + +. . . + +```{.mermaid format=pdf width=400 loc=figs/} +graph TD; + id0((1))-->id1((16)); + id0-->id2((5)); + id1-->id3((12)); + id1-->id4((4)); + id2-->id5((2)); + id2-->id6((8)); + id3-->id7((10)); + id3-->id8((6)); + id4-->id9((7)); + id4-->id10(( )); + style id10 fill:#fff,stroke:#fff +``` + +:::: + +:::: column + +**But:** Transformer l'arbre en tas. + +* On commence à l'indice $N/2 = 5$: `7`. +* `7 > 4` (enfant `>` parent). +* intervertir `4` et `7`. + +```{.mermaid format=pdf width=400 loc=figs/} +graph TD; + id0((1))-->id1((16)); + id0-->id2((5)); + id1-->id3((12)); + id1-->id4((7)); + id2-->id5((2)); + id2-->id6((8)); + id3-->id7((10)); + id3-->id8((6)); + id4-->id9((4)); + id4-->id10(( )); + style id10 fill:#fff,stroke:#fff +``` + +:::: + +::: + +. . . + +``` + * * + | 1 | 16 | 5 | 12 | 7 | 2 | 8 | 10 | 6 | 4 | +``` + +# Exemple de tri par tas (2/N) + +``` + | 1 | 16 | 5 | 12 | 7 | 2 | 8 | 10 | 6 | 4 | +``` + +::: columns + +:::: column + +**But:** Transformer l'arbre en tas. + +* On continue à l'indice $N/2-1 = 4$: `12`. +* Déjà un tas, rien à faire. + +```{.mermaid format=pdf width=400 loc=figs/} +graph TD; + id0((1))-->id1((16)); + id0-->id2((5)); + id1-->id3((12)); + id1-->id4((7)); + id2-->id5((2)); + id2-->id6((8)); + id3-->id7((10)); + id3-->id8((6)); + id4-->id9((4)); + id4-->id10(( )); + style id10 fill:#fff,stroke:#fff +``` + +:::: + +:::: column + +**But:** Transformer l'arbre en tas. + +* On continue à l'indice $N/2-2 = 3$: `5`. +* `5 < 8`, échanger `8` et `5` (aka `max(2, 5, 8)`) + +```{.mermaid format=pdf width=400 loc=figs/} +graph TD; + id0((1))-->id1((16)); + id0-->id2((8)); + id1-->id3((12)); + id1-->id4((7)); + id2-->id5((2)); + id2-->id6((5)); + id3-->id7((10)); + id3-->id8((6)); + id4-->id9((4)); + id4-->id10(( )); + style id10 fill:#fff,stroke:#fff +``` + +:::: + +::: + +. . . + +``` + | 1 | 16 | 8 | 12 | 7 | 2 | 5 | 10 | 6 | 4 | +``` + +# Exemple de tri par tas (3/N) + +``` + | 1 | 16 | 5 | 12 | 7 | 2 | 8 | 10 | 6 | 4 | +``` + +::: columns + +:::: column + +**But:** Transformer l'arbre en tas. + +* Indice $N/2-1 = 4$: `12`. +* Déjà un tas, rien à faire. + +```{.mermaid format=pdf width=400 loc=figs/} +graph TD; + id0((1))-->id1((16)); + id0-->id2((5)); + id1-->id3((12)); + id1-->id4((7)); + id2-->id5((2)); + id2-->id6((8)); + id3-->id7((10)); + id3-->id8((6)); + id4-->id9((4)); + id4-->id10(( )); + style id10 fill:#fff,stroke:#fff +``` + +:::: + +:::: column + +**But:** Transformer l'arbre en tas. + +* Indice $N/2-2 = 3$: `5`. +* `5 < 8`, `5 <=> max(2, 5, 8)` + +```{.mermaid format=pdf width=400 loc=figs/} +graph TD; + id0((1))-->id1((16)); + id0-->id2((8)); + id1-->id3((12)); + id1-->id4((7)); + id2-->id5((2)); + id2-->id6((5)); + id3-->id7((10)); + id3-->id8((6)); + id4-->id9((4)); + id4-->id10(( )); + style id10 fill:#fff,stroke:#fff +``` + +:::: + +::: + +``` + * * + | 1 | 16 | 8 | 12 | 7 | 2 | 5 | 10 | 6 | 4 | +``` + +# Exemple de tri par tas (4/N) + +``` + | 1 | 16 | 8 | 12 | 7 | 2 | 5 | 10 | 6 | 4 | +``` + +::: columns + +:::: column + +**But:** Transformer l'arbre en tas. + +* Indice $N/2-3 = 1$: `16`. +* Déjà un tas, rien à faire. + +```{.mermaid format=pdf width=400 loc=figs/} +graph TD; + id0((1))-->id1((16)); + id0-->id2((5)); + id1-->id3((12)); + id1-->id4((7)); + id2-->id5((2)); + id2-->id6((8)); + id3-->id7((10)); + id3-->id8((6)); + id4-->id9((4)); + id4-->id10(( )); + style id10 fill:#fff,stroke:#fff +``` + +:::: + +:::: column + +**But:** Transformer l'arbre en tas. + +* Indice $N/2-4 = 1$: `1`. +* `1 < 16 && 1 < 8`, `1 <=> max(1, 16, 8)` + +```{.mermaid format=pdf width=400 loc=figs/} +graph TD; + id0((16))-->id1((1)); + id0-->id2((8)); + id1-->id3((12)); + id1-->id4((7)); + id2-->id5((2)); + id2-->id6((5)); + id3-->id7((10)); + id3-->id8((6)); + id4-->id9((4)); + id4-->id10(( )); + style id10 fill:#fff,stroke:#fff +``` + +:::: + +::: + +``` + * * + | 16 | 1 | 8 | 12 | 7 | 2 | 5 | 10 | 6 | 4 | +``` + + +# Exemple de tri par tas (5/N) + +``` + | 16 | 1 | 8 | 12 | 7 | 2 | 5 | 10 | 6 | 4 | +``` + +::: columns + +:::: column + +**But:** Transformer l'arbre en tas. + +* Recommencer avec `1`. +* `1 <=> max(1, 12, 7)`. + +```{.mermaid format=pdf width=400 loc=figs/} +graph TD; + id0((16))-->id1((12)); + id0-->id2((5)); + id1-->id3((1)); + id1-->id4((7)); + id2-->id5((2)); + id2-->id6((8)); + id3-->id7((10)); + id3-->id8((6)); + id4-->id9((4)); + id4-->id10(( )); + style id10 fill:#fff,stroke:#fff +``` + +:::: + +:::: column + +**But:** Transformer l'arbre en tas. + +* Recommencer avec `1`. +* `1 <=> max(1, 10, 6)`. + +```{.mermaid format=pdf width=400 loc=figs/} +graph TD; + id0((16))-->id1((12)); + id0-->id2((8)); + id1-->id3((10)); + id1-->id4((7)); + id2-->id5((2)); + id2-->id6((5)); + id3-->id7((1)); + id3-->id8((6)); + id4-->id9((4)); + id4-->id10(( )); + style id10 fill:#fff,stroke:#fff +``` + +:::: + +::: + +``` + * * * + | 16 | 12 | 8 | 10 | 7 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 6 | 4 | +```