diff --git a/03_charge_electrique_champs_electrique.md b/03_charge_electrique_champs_electrique.md index e662444b680aab3348ef6cfefa05c0883bd72677..6d459214e751184c31bb54a92d9666e2e70ffb68 100644 --- a/03_charge_electrique_champs_electrique.md +++ b/03_charge_electrique_champs_electrique.md @@ -575,10 +575,14 @@ Soient trois charges comme sur la @fig:charges. Calculer le champs électrostati Le champs électrique est représenté par un vecteur, et on parle de *champs vectoriel* pour le représenter. Cela signifie qu'à chaque point de l'espace le champs électrique -va associer un vecteur, qui aura l'amplitude et la direction du champs électrique en ce point. +va associer un vecteur, qui aura l'amplitude et la direction du champs électrique en ce point +(voir @fig:champ_e). Dessiner de tels vecteurs peut être facilement fastidieux et peut lisible lorsque la quantité de vecteurs devient trop grande. +{#fig:champ_e width=80%} + + Pour visualiser un champs électrique, on utilise en général une série de lignes pour indiquer la direction du champs électrique (on s'intéresse plus à sont amplitude dans ce cas). On parle alors des **lignes de champs électrique** et sont dessinées @@ -617,7 +621,7 @@ de la part de chaque plaque et irait donc dans la direction perpendiculaire aux Dans le cas où les plaques ne sont pas infinies, les lignes de champs s'incurvent au fur et à mesure qu'on s'approche des extrémités des plaques (voir @fig:plaques_non_sym) - +{#fig:plaques_non_sym width=80%} ## Le champs électrique dans des conducteurs @@ -632,11 +636,20 @@ devienne nul (et qu'ainsi ils ne bougent plus). Cette propriété a un certain nombre de conséquences intéressantes. +{#fig:field_conductor width=80%} + 1. Toute charge nette dans un conducteur se distribue à sa surface. Pour des charges négatives, on peut assez aisément imaginer que les électrons essaient de s'éloigner les plus -possible les uns des autres, et se dirigeront vers la surface du conducteur. +possible les uns des autres, et se dirigeront vers la surface du conducteur (voir @fig:field_conductor). 2. Si une charge $Q>0$ est entourée par un anneau conducteur (la charge er le conducteur ne se touchent pas). Comme il ne peut y avoir de lignes de champs dans l'anneau, les charges négatives du se placeront sur la surface interne de l'anneau alors que les positives iront sur la face externe. Comme la charge nette du conducteur est nulle, la charge sur la surface interne du conducteur doit être de $-Q$ et sa surface externe doit être $+Q$. Ainsi, les lignes -de champs électriques se "recréent" à l'extérieur du conducteur, bien qu'il n'en existe pas é l'intérieur. +de champs électriques se "recréent" à l'extérieur du conducteur, bien qu'il n'en existe pas é l'intérieur (voir @fig:field_conductor). +3. Le champs électrique à l'extérieur d'un conducteur forme **toujours** un angle de $90^\circ$ avec la surface. En effet, si l'angle n'était pas perpendiculaire, la composante parallèle du champs électrique déplacerait les charges le long de la surface (car une force s'appliquerait sur elles) jusqu'à ce qu'elles atteignent une position d'équilibre où elles ne bougent plus (où plus aucune force ne s'exercent sur elles). Et dans cette position le champs électrique est perpendiculaire. + +Ces propriétés ne s'appliquent qu'aux conducteurs. Les isolants n'ayant pas d'électrons libres, +ceux-ci ne peuvent pas se déplacer librement. Un champs électrique peut donc exister à +l'intérieur d'un isolant. 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