added cours 10

slides/cours_10.md

+---
+title: "Piles et files d'attente"
+date: "2021-12-08"
+patat:
+  eval:
+    tai:
+      command: fish
+      fragment: false
+      replace: true
+    ccc:
+      command: fish
+      fragment: false
+      replace: true
+  images:
+    backend: auto
+---
+
+# Rappel
+
+## Qu'est-ce qu'une pile?
+
+. . .
+
+* Structure de données LIFO.
+
+## Quelles fonctionnalités?
+
+. . .
+
+1. Empiler (push): ajouter un élément sur la pile.
+2. Dépiler (pop): retirer l'élément du sommet de la pile et le retrouner.
+3. Liste vide? (is_empty?).
+4. Jeter un oeil (peek): retourner l'élément du sommet de la pile (sans le dépiler).
+5. Nombre d'éléments (length).
+
+# Le tri à deux piles (3/3)
+
+## Exercice: trier le tableau `[2, 10, 5, 20, 15]`
+
+```C
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+```
+
+# La calculatrice (1/8)
+
+## Vocabulaire
+
+```C
+2 + 3 = 2 3 +,
+```
+
+`2` et `3` sont les *opérandes*, `+` l'*opérateur*.
+
+. . .
+
+## La notation infixe
+
+```C
+2 * (3 + 2) - 4 = 6.
+```
+
+## La notation postfixe
+
+```C
+2 3 2 + * 4 - = 6.
+```
+
+## Exercice: écrire `2 * 3 * 4 + 2` en notation `postfixe`
+
+. . .
+
+```C
+2 3 4 * * 2 + = (2 * (3 * 4)) + 2.
+```
+
+# La calculatrice (2/8)
+
+## De infixe à post-fixe
+
+* Une *pile* est utilisée pour stocker *opérateurs* et *parenthèses*.
+* Les opérateurs on des *priorités* différentes.
+
+```C
+^   : priorité 3
+* / : priorité 2
++ - : priorité 1
+( ) : priorité 0 // pas un opérateur mais bon
+```
+
+
+# La calculatrice (3/8)
+
+## De infixe à post-fixe: algorithme
+
+* On lit l'expression infixe de gauche à droite.
+
+* On examine le prochain caractère de l'expression infixe.
+    * Si opérande, le placer dans l'expression du résultat.
+    * Si parenthèse le mettre dans la pile (priorité 0).
+    * Si opérateur, comparer sa priorité avec celui du sommet de la pile:
+        * Si sa priorité est plus élevée, empiler.
+        * Sinon dépiler l'opérateur de la pile dans l'expression du résultat et
+          recommencer jusqu'à apparition d'un opérateur de priorité plus faible
+          au sommet de la pile (ou pile vide).
+    * Si parenthèse fermée, dépiler les opérateurs du sommet de la pile et les
+      placer dans l'expression du résultat, jusqu'à ce qu'une parenthèse
+      ouverte apparaisse au sommet, dépiler également la parenthèse.
+    * Si il n'y a pas de caractère dans l'expression dépiler tous les
+      opérateurs dans le résultat.
+
+# La calculatrice (4/8)
+
+## De infixe à post-fixe: exemple
+
+```C
+Infixe              Postfixe            Pile    Priorité
+((A*B)/D-F)/(G+H)   Vide                Vide    Néant
+ (A*B)/D-F)/(G+H)   Vide                (       0
+  A*B)/D-F)/(G+H)   Vide                ((      0
+   *B)/D-F)/(G+H)   A                   ((      0
+    B)/D-F)/(G+H)   A                   ((*     2
+     )/D-F)/(G+H)   AB                  ((*     2
+      /D-F)/(G+H)   AB*                 (       0
+       D-F)/(G+H)   AB*                 (/      2
+        -F)/(G+H)   AB*D                (/      2
+         F)/(G+H)   AB*D/               (-      1
+          )/(G+H)   AB*D/F              (-      1
+           /(G+H)   AB*D/F-             Vide    Néant
+```
+
+# La calculatrice (5/8)
+
+## De infixe à post-fixe: exemple
+
+```C
+Infixe              Postfixe            Pile    Priorité
+((A*B)/D-F)/(G+H)   Vide                Vide    Néant
+--------------------------------------------------------
+           /(G+H)   AB*D/F-             Vide    Néant
+            (G+H)   AB*D/F-             /       2
+             G+H)   AB*D/F-             /(      0
+              +H)   AB*D/F-G            /(      0
+               H)   AB*D/F-G            /(+     1
+                )   AB*D/F-GH           /(+     1
+             Vide   AB*D/F-GH+          /       2
+             Vide   AB*D/F-GH+/         Vide    Néant
+```
+
+# La calculatrice (6/8)
+
+\footnotesize
+
+## Exercice: écrire le code et le poster sur matrix
+
+* Quelle est la signature de la fonction?
+
+. . .
+
+```C
+char *infix_to_postfix(char* infix) { // init and alloc stack and postfix
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < strlen(infix); ++i) {
+        if (is_operand(infix[i])) { 
+            // we just add operands in the new postfix string
+        } else if (infix[i] == '(') { 
+            // we push opening parenthesis into the stack
+            stack_push(&s, infix[i]); 
+        } else if (infix[i] == ')') { 
+            // we pop everything into the postfix
+        } else if (is_operator(infix[i])) {
+            // this is an operator. We add it to the postfix based 
+            // on the priority of what is already in the stack and push it
+        }    
+    } 
+    // pop all the operators from the s at the end of postfix
+    // and end the postfix with `\0`
+    return postfix;
+} 
+```
+
+
+# La calculatrice (7/8)
+
+## Évaluation d'expression postfixe: algorithme
+
+* Chaque *opérateur* porte sur les deux opérandes qui le précèdent.
+* Le *résultat d'une opération* est un nouvel *opérande* qui est remis au
+  sommet de la pile.
+
+## Exemple
+
+```C
+2 3 4 + * 5 - = ?
+```
+
+* On parcours de gauche à droite:
+
+```C
+Caractère lu        Pile opérandes
+    2               2
+    3               2, 3
+    4               2, 3, 4
+    +               2, (3 + 4)
+    *               2 * 7
+    5               14, 5
+    -               14 - 5 = 9
+```
+
+# La calculatrice (8/8)
+
+## Évaluation d'expression postfixe: algorithme
+
+1. La valeur d'un opérande est *toujours* empilée.
+2. L'opérateur s'applique *toujours* au 2 opérandes au sommet.
+3. Le résultat est remis au sommet.
+
+## Exercice: écrire l'algorithme en C (et poster sur matrix)
+
+. . .
+
+```C
+bool evaluate(char *postfix, double *val) { // init stack
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < strlen(postfix); ++i) {
+        if (is_operand(postfix[i])) {
+            stack_push(&s, postfix[i]);
+        } else if (is_operator(postfix[i])) {
+            double rhs = stack_pop(&s);
+            double lhs = stack_pop(&s);
+            stack_push(&s, op(postfix[i], lhs, rhs));
+        }    
+    }
+    return stack_pop(&s);
+}
+```
+
+
+
+# La liste chaînée et pile (1/6)
+
+## Structure de données
+
+* Chaque élément de la liste contient:
+    1. une valeur,
+    2. un pointeur vers le prochain élément.
+* La pile est un pointeur vers le premier élément.
+
+![Un exemple de liste chaînée.](figs/Singly-linked-list.svg){width=80%}
+
+# La liste chaînée et pile (2/6)
+
+## Une pile-liste-chaînée
+
+```C
+typedef struct _element {
+    int data;
+    struct _element *next;
+} element;
+typedef element* stack;
+```
+
+## Fonctionnalités?
+
+. . .
+
+```C
+void stack_create(stack *s); // *s = NULL;
+void stack_destroy(stack *s);
+void stack_push(stack *s, int val);
+void stack_pop(stack *s, int *val);
+void stack_peek(stack s, int *val);
+bool stack_is_empty(stack s); // reutrn NULL == stack;
+```
+
+# La liste chaînée et pile (3/6)
+
+## Empiler? (faire un dessin)
+
+. . .
+
+```C
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+```
+
+## Empiler? (le code ensemble)
+
+. . .
+
+```C
+void stack_push(stack *s, int val) {
+    element *elem = malloc(sizeof(*elem));
+    elem->data = val;
+    elem->next = *s;
+    s = elem;
+}
+```
+
+# La liste chaînée et pile (4/6)
+
+## Jeter un oeil? (faire un dessin)
+
+. . .
+
+```C
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+```
+
+## Jeter un oeil? (le code ensemble)
+
+. . .
+
+```C
+void stack_peek(stack s, int *val) {
+    *val = s->data;
+}
+```
+
+# La liste chaînée et pile (5/6)
+
+## Dépiler? (faire un dessin)
+
+. . .
+
+```C
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+```
+
+## Dépiler? (le code ensemble)
+
+. . .
+
+```C
+void stack_pop(stack *s, int *val) {
+    stack_peek(*s, val);
+    element *tmp = *s;
+    *s = (*s)->next;
+    free(tmp);
+    return val;
+}
+```
+
+# La liste chaînée et pile (6/6)
+
+## Détruire? (faire un dessin)
+
+. . .
+
+```C
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+```
+
+## Détruire? (le code ensemble)
+
+. . .
+
+```C
+void stack_destroy(stack *s) {
+    while (!stack_is_empty(*s)) {
+        int val = stack_pop(s);
+    }
+}
+```
+
+# La file d'attente (1/2)
+
+* Structure de données abstraite permettant le stockage d'éléments.
+* *FIFO*: First In First Out, ou première entrée première sortie.
+* Analogue de la vie "réelle"":
+    * File à un guichet,
+    * Serveur d'impressions,
+    * Mémoire tampon, ...
+
+## Fonctionnalités
+ 
+ . . .
+
+* Enfiler, ajouter un élément à la fin de la file.
+* Défiler, extraire un élément au devant de la file.
+* Tester si la file est vide.
+
+. . .
+
+* Lire l'élément de la fin de la file.
+* Lire l'élément du devant de la file.
+* Créer une liste vide.
+* Détruire une liste vide.
+
+# La file d'attente (2/2)
+
+## Implémentation possible
+
+* La structure file, contient un pointeur vers la tête et un vers la queue.
+* Entre les deux, les éléments sont stockés dans une liste chaînée (comme une
+  pile).
+
+![Illustration d'une file
+d'attente.](figs/fig_queue_representation.png)
+
+## Structure de données en C?
+
+. . .
+
+```C
+txpedef struct _element {  // Elément de liste
+   int data;
+   struct _element* next;
+} element;
+
+typedef struct _queue {    // File d'attente:
+   element* head;  //    tête de file d'attente
+   element* tail;  //    queue de file d'attente
+} queue;
+```
+
+# Fonctionnalités d'une file d'attente
+
+## Creation et consultations
+
+. . .
+
+```C
+void queue_init(queue *fa); // head = tail = NULL
+bool queue_is_empty(queue fa); // fa.head == fa.tail == NULL
+int queue_tail(queue fa); // return fa.head->data
+int queue_head(queue fa); // return fa.tail->data
+```
+
+## Manipulations et destruction
+
+. . .
+
+```C
+void queue_enqueue(queue *fa, int val); // adds an element before the tail
+int queue_dequeue(queue *fa); // removes the head and returns stored value
+void queue_destroy(queue *fa); // dequeues everything into oblivion
+```
+
+# Enfilage
+
+## Deux cas différents:
+
+1. La file est vide (faire un dessin):
+
+. . .
+
+![Insertion dans une file d'attente vide.](./figs/fig_empty_queue_insert.png){width=40%}
+
+2. La file n'est pas vide (faire un dessin):
+
+. . .
+
+![Insertion dans une file d'attente non-vide.](./figs/fig_non_empty_queue_insert.png){width=70%}
+
+# Enfilage
+
+## Live (implémentation)
+
+. . .
+
+```C
+void queue_enqueue(queue *fa, int val) {
+    element elmt = malloc(sizeof(*elmt));
+    elmt->data = val;
+    elmt->next = NULL;
+    if (queue_is_empty(*fa)) {
+        fa->head = elmt;
+        fa->tail = elmt;
+    } else {
+        fa->tail->next = elmt;
+        fa->tail = elmt;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+# Défilage
+
+## Trois cas différents
+
+1. La file a plus d'un élément (faire un dessin):
+
+. . .
+
+![Extraction d'une file d'attente](./figs/fig_queue_extract.png){width=80%}
+
+2. La file un seul élément (faire un dessin):
+
+. . .
+
+![Extraction d'une file d'attente de longueur 1.](./figs/fig_queue_extract_one.svg){width=25%}
+
+
+3. La file est vide (problème)
+
+# Défilage
+
+## Live (implémentation)
+
+. . .
+
+```C
+int queue_dequeue(queue *fa) {
+    elmt = fa->head;
+    int val = elmt->data;
+    fa->head = fa->head->next;
+    free(elmt);
+    if (NULL == fa->head) {
+        fa->tail = NULL;
+    }
+    return val;
+}
+```
+
+. . .
+
+## Problème avec cette implémentation?
+

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